Comment le variant Delta fait-il pour se propager si vite ? Au-delà des mutations, des scientifiques chinois apportent de nouvelles réponses à cette question.
À quoi tient le succès épidémique du variant Delta ? Il y a d’une part les mutations qui modifient sa protéine S. Faisant d’une pierre deux coups, elles lui permettent à la fois de mieux infecter les cellules humaines et d’échapper aux attaques du système immunitaire.
Le variant Delta a fait son entrée en Chine le 21 mai 2021, date de la première transmission connue sur le territoire. La chaîne de transmission qui en découle a été suivie par les scientifiques chinois jusqu’au 18 juin 2021. Grâce aux données accumulées, et seulement disponibles en pré-publication, les chercheurs ont mis en lumière un nouveau paramètre qui explique la propagation rapide du variant Delta : la charge virale.
Se répliquer vite et intensément
La charge virale correspond au nombre de virions présents dans l’organisme. Ici, elle est déduite des PCR quantitatives réalisées lors des dépistages. Les 63 personnes infectées par le variant Delta testées possèdent une charge virale 1.260 fois plus importante que celle induite par les variants du clade 19A/19B, qui dérivent de la souche originelle de Wuhan et étaient majoritaires en Chine en 2020. Concrètement, 80,6 % des échantillons analysés contiennent environ 600.000 copies du variant Delta, contre seulement 19,05 % des échantillons positifs pour les variants 19A/19B.
Les auteurs expliquent aussi que le variant Delta pourrait être particulièrement contagieux aux toutes premières heures de l’infection. Après une période de latence, durant laquelle les virions initiaux ne sont pas détectables car cachés dans les cellules, les virions nouvellement produits sont libérés de façon exponentielle dans le corps ; ils deviennent alors détectables par PCR.
Dans le cas du variant Delta, il est décelable seulement quatre jours après l’infection, contre six jours pour les anciens variants 19A/19B. Il se réplique donc plus vite.
Ainsi, la combinaison d’une charge virale importante et d’une vitesse de réplication accrue peut expliquer en partie pourquoi le variant Delta est si difficile à arrêter.
Source: medisite
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