La Commission européenne a annoncé, mercredi, la création d’un label « vert » controversé reconnaissant, sous certaines conditions, la contribution des centrales nucléaires et au gaz à la lutte contre le changement climatique. Certains pays-membres ont toutefois critiqué la mesure, notamment l’Autriche.
L’atome et le gaz considérés comme des énergies « vertes ». La Commission européenne a annoncé, mercredi 2 février, l’extension du label « vert » reconnaissant, sous certaines conditions, que les centrales nucléaires et au gaz pourraient aider à lutter contre le changement climatique. La mesure controversée est à l’origine d’une levée de boucliers de certains États-membres de l’Union européenne.
Le projet, qui divise les 27 États membres de l’UE, a déjà provoqué la colère de nombreuses ONG environnementales et suscité les doutes du monde de la finance.
Dans la matinée, les commissaires européens ont approuvé, lors de leur réunion hebdomadaire, une liste de critères permettant de classer comme « durables » les investissements dans des centrales nucléaires ou au gaz pour la production d’électricité. Un privilège jusqu’ici réservé aux énergies renouvelables.
Mais un groupe de pays avait déjà annoncé leur opposition. L’Autriche a annoncé, peu après l’approbation, son intention d’engager une action en justice contre cette décision. « Nous allons préparer le terrain juridique dans les prochaines semaines et si cette taxonomie prend effet, nous lancerons une procédure devant la Cour de justice de l’UE », a déclaré à la presse la ministre de l’Environnement, Leonore Gewessler.
Le Luxembourg s’est dit prêt à se joindre à cette plainte, a précisé cette responsable écologiste.
Ces deux pays font partie d’un petit groupe, mené par l’Allemagne, ayant bataillé pour exclure l’atome. Berlin, qui opère toujours des centrales à charbon, mise sur l’essor des éoliennes et du solaire, ainsi que sur de nouvelles centrales au gaz pour assurer son approvisionnement, en dépit des critiques sur sa dépendance à la Russie.
L’Autriche, le Danemark, les Pays-Bas et la Suède ont contesté le label « vert » pour le gaz dans une lettre commune.
Un texte visant à mobiliser des fonds privés
Le texte approuvé par Bruxelles doit aider à mobiliser des fonds privés vers des activités réduisant les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Il s’inscrit dans l’objectif de neutralité carbone de l’UE en 2050.
« Aujourd’hui, nous franchissons une nouvelle étape importante dans la transition » vers cet objectif. « Nous devons utiliser tous les outils à notre disposition, car nous avons moins de 30 ans pour y parvenir », a déclaré la commissaire européenne aux Services financiers, Mairead McGuinness, lors d’une conférence de presse.
De nombreux pays ont soutenu l’initiative. Notamment la France, qui veut relancer sa filière nucléaire – source d’électricité décarbonée – et des pays d’Europe centrale, comme la Pologne ou la République tchèque, qui doivent remplacer leurs centrales à charbon très polluantes.
Faire partie de cette classification permet une réduction des coûts de financement, cruciale pour les projets concernés et pour les États voulant les soutenir.
Mais les écologistes dénoncent l’inclusion des centrales à gaz, émettrices de CO2, et du nucléaire, en raison de ses déchets radioactifs et du risque d’accident.
Une mesure à titre transitoire, défend Bruxelles
Bruxelles répond que les énergies renouvelables, déjà labellisées par la Commission et qui restent une priorité de la politique européenne, ne pourront pas, à elles seules, répondre à la demande croissante d’électricité, en raison de leur production intermittente. D’où le besoin, à titre transitoire, de favoriser aussi l’investissement dans des moyens stables et pilotables.
L’exécutif fait valoir que le texte oblige les entreprises à déclarer l’ensemble de leurs activités gazières et nucléaires, permettant aux investisseurs qui le souhaitent de les exclure de leur portefeuille.
Le document avait été envoyé aux 27 États de l’UE le 31 décembre au soir. Il a peu évolué depuis malgré les critiques.
Il impose des conditions strictes à la labellisation du nucléaire et du gaz, notamment une limitation dans le temps et l’obligation de recours aux meilleures technologies disponibles.
Pour la construction de nouvelles centrales atomiques, les projets devront avoir obtenu un permis de construire avant 2045. Les travaux permettant de prolonger la durée de vie des centrales existantes devront avoir été autorisés avant 2040.
Concernant le gaz, la Commission impose un plafond d’émissions de CO2 : moins de 100 g par kWh, un seuil inatteignable avec les technologies actuelles selon des experts. Mais une période de transition est prévue, et les centrales obtenant leur permis de construire avant le 31 décembre 2030 verront ce seuil relevé à 270 g, à condition qu’elles remplacent des infrastructures beaucoup plus polluantes.
Durant une période de quatre mois (qui pourra être prolongée de deux mois), à partir de mercredi, le Parlement européen pourra rejeter le texte par un vote à la majorité simple. Le Conseil européen pourrait aussi théoriquement s’y opposer, à condition de réunir 20 États membres, ce qui paraît hors de portée.
AFP
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