Au Maroc, les abeilles désertent le plus ancien rucher au monde

Face à une sécheresse hors norme et le réchauffement climatique, les colonies d’abeilles s’effondrent, même dans les lieux les plus préservés du pays.

Le Maroc s’alarme du déclin des abeilles, symbole de la perte de biodiversité sur la planète. Même au pied du monumental rucher d’Inzerki, dans le sud-ouest du Maroc, le silence a remplacé le bourdonnement des pollinisatrices. La disparition des colonies dans ce lieu historique est un désastre écologique. Ces butineuses sont indispensables à l’équilibre du vivant et pollinisent une très grande partie des cultures destinées à notre alimentation.

«A cette période de l’année, l’espace est censé être empli du bourdonnement des abeilles. Aujourd’hui, elles meurent à un rythme vertigineux», déplore l’apiculteur Brahim Chatoui. Sur quatre-vingt-dix ruches, il en a perdu quarante en moins de deux mois. Pourtant, elles sont disposées dans l’abeiller d’Inzerki, au cœur de la réserve de biosphère de l’arganeraie, l’une des plus riches du pays. Ce rucher construit en bois et en terre se compose de cases dans lesquelles les apiculteurs élèvent leurs ruches. Considéré comme «le plus ancien et le plus grand rucher collectif traditionnel au monde» selon les spécialistes, ce site datant de 1850 n’est pas le seul frappé par la mortalité des hyménoptères.

Ce rucher construit en bois et terre se compose de cases dans lesquelles les apiculteurs élèvent leurs ruches.© Fournis par Liberation Ce rucher construit en bois et terre se compose de cases dans lesquelles les apiculteurs élèvent leurs ruches.
D’autres régions marocaines sont touchées. «Les pertes sont considérables rien que dans la région de Béni Mellal-Khénifra [centre du pays, ndlr], elles sont estimées à 100 000 ruches depuis le mois d’août», s’alarme Mohamed Choudani, de l’Union des apiculteurs du Maroc. Le pays comptait 910 000 ruches exploitées par 36 000 apiculteurs recensés en 2019, selon les statistiques officielles.

«Syndrome de l’effondrement»
Cette année, l’ampleur des disparitions d’abeilles est telle que le gouvernement a débloqué une aide aux apiculteurs de 130 millions de dirhams (plus de 12 millions d’euros) et a lancé une vaste enquête sur la catastrophe. «Cette désertion des ruches est un phénomène inédit au Maroc», constate l’Office national de sécurité sanitaire des produits alimentaires (ONSSA) chargé de l’enquête, qui impute aux changements climatiques le «syndrome de l’effondrement des colonies d’abeilles». L’ONSSA exclut l’hypothèse de maladies.

Le chercheur en sciences apicoles Antonin Adam explique que le pays est confronté à sa pire sécheresse depuis quarante ans. Il souligne «la vulnérabilité des abeilles aux maladies, à la transhumance, aux pratiques agricoles intensives mais également à la volonté du pays d’augmenter sa production de miel». La production de miel a bondi de 69% en dix ans, passant de 4,7 tonnes en 2009 à près de 8 tonnes en 2019, avec plus d’un milliard de dirhams de chiffre d’affaires, selon le ministère de l’Agriculture. Pour le chercheur en géographie humaine Hassan Benalayat, cette dégradation est la conséquence de plusieurs bouleversements dans la région, notamment la modernisation de la filière apicole et l’exode rural mais aussi le réchauffement climatique.

A Inzerki, des parties du rucher – inscrit récemment au patrimoine national – s’affaissent, faisant craindre le pire. Par le passé, quatre-vingt familles y déposaient leurs abeilles, elles ne sont plus qu’une vingtaine aujourd’hui. Pour préserver ce patrimoine, l’apiculteur Brahim Chatoui a créé avec d’autres villageois une association. Ils ont planté des herbes aromatiques afin de résister à l’aridité des sols et s’efforcent aujourd’hui de réhabiliter le rucher.

liberation

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