Avec la chute des prix du cacao pour la deuxième récolte annuelle, les planteurs de Côte d’Ivoire font grise mine. Mais pas à M’Brimbo, un prospère petit village où a été lancée il y a 11 ans la première coopérative de cacao bio du pays.
Sa production est achetée par la société française Ethiquable, spécialisée dans les produits équitables, pour fabriquer le chocolat « Grand Cru M’Brimbo » vendu dans les grandes surfaces en France. Et les cacaoculteurs de la Société coopérative équitable du Bandama (SCEB) de M’Brimbo se frottent les mains : ils vendent leur cacao biologique près du double du prix officiel.
« Quand les producteurs sont formés et bien payés, on est capables de faire du très bon cacao en Côte d’Ivoire. Les résultats sont là », se réjouit Arthur Gautier, ingénieur agronome d’Ethiquable, qui se rend régulièrement à M’Brimbo pour conseiller la coopérative.
Le bio, une solution pour en finir avec la « malédiction » du cacao ivoirien? Si ce pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest s’est imposé comme le premier producteur mondial avec 2 millions de tonnes et plus de 40% du marché, « l’or brun » n’enrichit guère ses planteurs. Plus de la moitié du million de cacaoculteurs ivoiriens – soit 5 à 6 millions de personnes avec leurs familles – vivent dans la pauvreté, produisant un cacao de qualité médiocre, transformé en tablettes et barres chocolatées par une demi-douzaine de multinationales qui empochent l’essentiel des profits.
La démarche menée par la SCEB et Ethiquable est radicalement différente de la logique productiviste promue par le gouvernement ivoirien depuis l’indépendance il y a 60 ans, qui a largement contribué à la destruction de 90% des forêts du pays et à une importante pollution des sols par les produits chimiques, herbicides et pesticides.
Formés par Ethiquable, s’inspirant des techniques utilisées en Amérique Latine, réputée pour la qualité de son cacao, les planteurs de la SCEB désherbent leurs champs manuellement et opèrent avec soin les étapes essentielles de la fermentation et du séchage des fèves, afin de développer le goût chocolaté intense typique du cacao ivoirien.
– Qualité et traçabilité –
La qualité des fèves est strictement contrôlée par la coopérative avant stockage et vente. Chaque sac de cacao est identifié avec le code de son producteur, la traçabilité est complète.
« Faire du bio c’est plus difficile, il faut plus de travail et plus de main d’oeuvre », explique Solo Bony, un planteur de M’Brimbo, « mais en fin de compte on gagne mieux sa vie ». Ethiquable paie le cacao bio 1.850 francs CFA (2,82 euros) par kilo à la SCEB, dont 1.350 FCFA pour le producteur, contre un prix officiel de 750 FCFA/kg pour le cacao conventionnel, même pas toujours respecté.
De plus, Ethiquable garantit le prix d’achat sur trois ans à la SCEB, alors que les producteurs de cacao conventionnel sont soumis au yoyo des cours du marché mondial fixés par les bourses des matières premières de Londres et New York.
Gagner mieux sa vie n’est pas la seule satisfaction des planteurs bio de M’Brimbo.
« C’est une fierté de faire un produit de qualité, naturel. Et c’est meilleur pour la santé », souligne Solo Bony. Les planteurs qui font du cacao conventionnel traitent leurs champs avec des herbicides et des pesticides « dont ne connaît pas la composition, sans se protéger, sans savoir que ça les tue à petit feu ».
La SCEB expérimente un laboratoire de production d’intrants biologiques – engrais et pesticides – fabriqués à partir de résidus végétaux locaux et destinés à être distribués à tous les producteurs de la coopérative pour améliorer les rendements.
« C’est naturel, moins cher et moins polluant que les produits industriels », argumente Richard Esmel, planteur et responsable de ce laboratoire qui emploie cinq personnes.
– Du vélo à la moto –
Les planteurs sont aussi formés à l’agroforesterie, technique de culture plus respectueuse de l’environnement et plus durable: cacaoyers plantés à l’ombre de grands arbres plutôt qu’en plein soleil, plantes légumineuses pour enrichir les sols, production diversifiée avec des arbres fruitiers.
« Une plantation de cacaoyers de variétés anciennes menée en bio et en agroforesterie offre un cacao de meilleur qualité, un rendement supérieur et produit pendant 50 ans, contre 20 ans pour une plantation conventionnelle », affirme Arthur Gautier.
La démarche bio entreprise à M’Brimbo est plus ambitieuse mais aussi plus satisfaisante que la simple certification « équitable » (pas de travail des enfants, respect de normes environnementales) attribuée à un peu plus du dixième du cacao ivoirien – 250.000 tonnes -, la prime liée à ce label restant insuffisante pour changer la vie des planteurs.
Président de la SCEB, Evariste Salo se félicite de s’être lancé dans le bio: « J’avais un vélo, j’ai une moto. J’ai pu scolariser mes enfants et construire une maison ».
La coopérative qui avait produit 13 tonnes de cacao avec 33 planteurs en 2010 devrait produire plus de 200 tonnes avec 264 planteurs cette année.
Comptant six employés, elle a investi dans un nouveau siège, un nouveau magasin de stockage de 300 tonnes et va se doter d’un laboratoire d’analyse pour améliorer encore la qualité de son cacao. Elle a aussi financé un dispensaire et une école pour le village, et aide les planteurs à faire face aux frais de scolarité et de santé grâce à sa caisse sociale.
« La SCEB c’est une petite production. Mais l’important, c’est de montrer qu’on peut faire autrement du cacao », analyse Christophe Eberhart, cofondateur d’Ethiquable, qui affirme vendre un quart du chocolat bio en grandes surfaces en France, un marché encore étroit (8% du total), mais en forte progression de +18% de 2019 à 2020.
A la suite du succès de la SCEB, une dizaine de coopératives ivoiriennes produisent actuellement du cacao bio, et d’autres sont en train de se lancer sur le marché.
Source: afp
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