De terribles feux de forêt ont frappé l’ouest des États-Unis en 2020. Les fumées qu’ils ont émises sont arrivées jusqu’en Europe. Ils ont même, par moments, obscurci notre soleil.
À la fin de l’été 2020 et durant l’automne qui a suivi, l’ouest des États-Unis a été le théâtre d’incendies dévastateurs. Plus de 1,6 million d’hectares partis en fumée. Une fumée, justement, qui, portée par les vents, a voyagé sur des milliers de kilomètres. Jusqu’en Europe centrale où elle a obscurci le soleil, nous racontent des chercheurs de l’Institut Leibniz pour la recherche troposphérique (Tropos, Allemagne).
Chaque semaine, lorsque le satellite Aeolus de l’Agence spatiale européenne (ESA) survole Leipzig (Allemagne), les chercheurs procèdent en parallèle à des mesures lidar au sol. Le 11 septembre 2020, ils ont ainsi pu étudier la fumée venue des incendies en Californie – les modèles informatiques en ont confirmé l’origine.
Traquer les fumées grâce aux satellites
Alors que la fumée des feux de forêt a fait son entrée en Allemagne dans la matinée et à une altitude de douze kilomètres, elle est arrivée au-dessus de Leipzig vers midi. Elle se situait alors à quelque 8,5 kilomètres d’altitude. Dans le courant de la journée, elle est descendue jusqu’à environ cinq kilomètres.
Les données des chercheurs montrent une concentration moyenne de huit microgrammes d’aérosols par mètre cube entre quatre et onze kilomètres d’altitude. Au maximum, elle est montée jusqu’à 22 microgrammes par mètre cube. Une concentration qualifiée « d’assez remarquable pour ces altitudes ».
Les chercheurs du Tropos indiquent aussi que la lumière du soleil en a été exceptionnellement atténuée. L’indice UV a connu une baisse comme jamais auparavant – depuis le début des mesures lidar en 1997 – des aérosols de feux de forêt n’en avaient provoqué. Le 12 septembre à midi, un rayonnement d’environ un quart plus faible que le rayonnement habituel a été enregistré, alors que la veille, une épaisseur optique extraordinaire avait atténué la lumière du soleil d’un tiers. Des mesures scientifiques qui expliquent l’aspect laiteux et jaunâtre du ciel observé au coucher du soleil ce jour-là.
Source: titrespresse.com
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